As
it will be shown in the
present note, it is possible to eliminate the two singularities that
torment
the modern physics, the Quantum Mechanics and the General Relativity
ones (Universal
Gravitation of Newton), coming, in
this last case, to an unification of the gravity with the other known
interactions. We think it’s opportune to integrally bring the
initial part of
the article of Cristopher J. Isham and Nobel Abdus Salam Gravitation
and
electrodynamic quantistic [7] of 1973 that still outlines the actual
situation.
The Quantistic mechanics, the
special relativity and that general one are all extensions of the
Newton’s
mechanics in different fields of the physics; It can be said that while
the
Quantistic mechanics treats the atomic and subatomic phenomenons, the
special
relativity concerns the speeds that draw near to the light one and the
general
relativity describes the gravitational phenomenons that occur on
astronomic
staircase in the universe.
Because
of the great importance
of these theories it is comprehensible that a great effort of research
has
been devoted to the attempt to unify
them, since the times of their rising. Since special relativity is
easily connectable
to the general one, the most serious assignment is to incorporate the
Quantistic Mechanics in it . If, for example, we want to describe the
motion of
an electron or other elementary particles endowed with high speeds, we
need a
relativistic version (in the sense of the special relativity) of the
Quantistic
mechanics. The essential point is that the famous equation of
Einstein 
allows
the particles
to turn themselves into radiant energy and vice versa. The possibility
to
create and annihilate particles is not contemplated in the native
version of
the Quantistic Mechanics and therefore it’s necessary to
apply ample changes to
be able to incorporate these phenomenons in the theory; the most proper
scheme
for this purpose is that of the Quantistic and relativistic theory of
the
fields in which the particles are considered as quantums of a field.
This article however
concerns
more of the combination of the Quantistic Mechanics and the general
relativity,
since, because the theory of Einstein is based on the gravitational
field, its
quantization has the tendency to use the techniques of the Quantistic
theory of
the fields, with the gravitons in function of the quantums. The
assignment to
unify these two structures results particularly fascinating since it
implicates
some considerable conceptual difficulties over that of mathematical
technique,
deriving from the particular role assumed in physics by the
gravitational field
because of its universal interaction with the whole matter and energy.
The
problem to establish if it is desirable and possible from the practical
point of
view, over that from the principle one, to quantize the gravitational
field in
the picture of the general relativity has being debated for a lot of
years. It has in fact different aspects, if it is
tried to describe some purely local quantistic effects of the
gravitation, or if
the most ambitious project to quantize the whole universe is had! In
the second
case fundamental philosophical difficulties rise in relationship to the
axioms
of base of the theory, while in the first one, concerning more directly
the
theme of this article, fortunately these difficulties don't rise.
Before facing
this problem there is however to wonder why to quantize the
gravitational field;
an answer to this question is that every classical field endowed with
removed
ways is you quantized, as also the matter, and that it would be
disagreeable
from an aesthetical point of view if the gravitational field were not
subject
to the same procedure, although it is to be objectively added that,
since the
gravitation has some unique ownerships in comparison to the other
natural forces,
this argument is not so persuasive as it could appear at first sight.
Two
of the more urgent reasons
to quantize the gravitational field are the possibility to use this
fact to
eliminate two serious defects rising in the general relativity and in
the
quantistic theory of the fields. One of the most recent progress in the
general
relativity of classical type has been the one of the demonstration,
from S.
Hawking, R. Penrose and others, that, under very reasonable physical
hypothesis, the variety describing the space-time will inevitably have
some
singularities in the future (or it has had one in the past); this fact
is
tightly connected to the phenomenon of the gravitational collapse and
evidently
represents the signal of the invalidation of a theory that cannot be
used for
foreseeing what happens beyond a (or in the precise) instant of time
(the one
of singularity). It has been hoped for a long time that the inclusion
of the
Quantistic Mechanics allowed to eliminate this defect introducing
intrinsic statistic
fluctuations in the geometry of the space time that allow the structure
in
phase of collapse 'to bounce' from the unusual configuration and to
take back
the evolution. On the other hand one of the serious defects of the
normal
quantistic theory of the fields is that, if it is tried to get some
comparable
results with the experience through a development in series of
perturbative
kind (till now this is the only known technique to get some results),
the most
greater part of the terms become endless, making the theory useless. An
accurate examination of these singularities (that are totally different
from
the singularities of the space-time verified in the gravitational
collapse) it
makes to glimpse the possibility to eliminate them and to make the
theory reasonable
through the inclusion in it of quantistic fluctuations of the
gravitational
field. This aspect of the quantistic theory of the gravitation has
constituted
the object of the researches of the authors of this article, in
collaboration
with J. Strathdee, and now it’s about to be discussed.
…
It's
opportune that during
the escursus of this article, the Reader keeps in mind what we are
about to
show.
